Pesticides harmful to bees, water bugs, and other insects will continue to be allowed for use on Canadian fields and lawns.
Decisions published recently by Health Canada鈥檚 Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA) will allow the continued widespread use of two insecticides. The chemicals, colloquially called neonics, are known to harm pollinators, aquatic insects, and ecosystems they support.
The announcement marks a dramatic shift in the government鈥檚 approach: In a 2018 scientific review, the PMRA recommended the chemicals be banned to protect aquatic insects and their ecosystems.
The agency delayed its final decisions on the chemicals for two years while considering additional data on toxicity and insects鈥� level of exposure in natural environments.
鈥淚t is surprising and disappointing,鈥� said Lisa Gue, senior policy adviser for the David Suzuki Foundation. The organization is among a handful who slammed the decisions when they were announced last week. 鈥淭he decision ... is simply not a credible response to the risks identified.鈥�
In its final decisions, the agency said risks to aquatic insects will be adequately mitigated by reducing application rates and banning their use in a few specific cases. Most uses of the pesticides will be allowed to continue, however. The decisions also required the application rates listed on the product labels to be reduced within the next two years.
鈥淏ased on the updated scientific assessment, it was determined that certain uses did not pose an acceptable risk to aquatic insects, and they will be cancelled. Other uses require additional mitigation measures. With these mitigation measures in place and when neonicotinoid pesticides are used according to the revised label directions, the risks to aquatic insects from the use of these products are acceptable,鈥� Health Canada said in a statement.
The PMRA will enforce the usage guidelines printed on the updated labels through 鈥渃ompliance verifications鈥� and can pursue legal charges against farmers who breach them, the agency said.
For Gue, those measures are 鈥渟imply inadequate.鈥�
鈥淭he regulatory agency, instead of proceeding with the proposed phaseout of these chemicals, has decided to simply tinker around the edges,鈥� she said.
Neonics are a class of water-soluble insecticides that damage insects鈥� nervous system, said Nigel Raine, a professor of environmental science at the University of Guelph who studies pollinators. Commonly applied as a spray to fields, or directly on plant seeds, they鈥檙e designed to be absorbed by plants, protecting crops from the pests trying to eat them.
However, studies have found the chemicals in ponds, marshes, and streams contaminated by runoff from fields. They are also absorbed into plants' pollen, exposing the bees and other pollinators feeding off the contaminated plants.
Aquatic insects and ground nesting bees 鈥� the lesser-known, native relatives of honeybees who are important pollinators 鈥� are particularly vulnerable because they are immersed with the chemicals for most of their lives, Raine explained.
Those exposures can have a vast impact.
鈥淚f you have enough of these things, the end point is lethality 鈥� they kill organisms,鈥� he said. 鈥淏ut below lethal concentrations 鈥� which is what we鈥檙e talking about in the field, hopefully 鈥� the impacts are more subtle 鈥� for example, with bees we see impacts on learning and memory. They are less able to remember odours they鈥檝e encountered before. They forage less effectively, they collect less pollen, it can affect their orientation.鈥�
Those impacts can accumulate and ultimately make it more difficult for the insects to reproduce and maintain healthy population levels, he said.
About 85 per cent of the world鈥檚 crops depend on bees and other pollinators to bear fruit; without them, humans would struggle to produce enough food. But despite their importance, the world鈥檚 pollinators are in rapid decline.
Earlier this year, researchers estimated that roughly a quarter of the world鈥檚 bee species are in decline and could go extinct. In North America, bumblebees 鈥� a vital native pollinator 鈥� are estimated to have seen their relative abundance crash by 97 per cent, with the sharpest decline occurring in the past 30 years, a 2011 study found.
But pollinator decline isn鈥檛 the only threat posed by neonics.
鈥�(The problem) is at a landscape and ecosystem scale,鈥� said Raine. Fewer aquatic insects mean less food for birds, fish, and other animals, leading to much broader impacts on ecosystems and biodiversity. That concern is echoed by Gue, who described the deadly impact of neonics on aquatic insects as a 鈥渃anary in the coal mine,鈥� pointing to ecosystem collapse.
Still, while eliminating the chemicals and equally harmful substitutes will help pollinators and other insects survive, deeper changes in how we grow food are needed. Monocropping 鈥� the dominant method used to industrially grow food in North America 鈥� requires pesticides.
Researchers have pointed out that more diversified crops can benefit yields and biodiversity, yet monocropping remains widespread. That means minimizing the immediate harm posed by neonics and other chemicals is essential, Raine explained.
鈥淚f we鈥檙e going to keep farming in the way we are at the moment, we are going to need some of these products, and understanding which of the products are the safest and cause the least harm is going to be a very key part of that sustainability mandate,鈥� he said. Making sure those chemicals don鈥檛 cause the same ecosystem-wide problems as neonics before they are widely used is essential.
鈥淭hat鈥檚 a very important lesson we should take from the neonicotinoid story, and make sure we learn from the unintended errors we鈥檝e made in that journey,鈥� he said.
