A once popular high-protein legume crop with potential to make farming more environmentally sustainable is poised for reinvigorated popularity, thanks to an international research team, including plant geneticists from University of Saskatchewan (USask).
While the fava bean plant is high in protein, well-suited to growing in colder climates, and capable of virtually eliminating the need for fertilizer, it has one fatal flaw鈥攆or an estimated 400 million people worldwide, eating the bean can have severe health consequences. In people deficient in a certain enzyme, eating the bean causes damage to a person鈥檚 red blood cells.
In research just published in the journal Nature Plants, an international team of researchers including USask plant scientists have identified a key step in how the plant鈥攁lso known as the faba bean or broad bean鈥攑roduces the compounds vicine and convicine. In four per cent of the world鈥檚 population who carry a specific gene, digesting fava beans can trigger the blood disorder, known as favism.
鈥淔ava bean has been a neglected crop because of the favism issue,鈥� said Dr. Albert Vandenberg (PhD), USask plant breeder and geneticist, and co-author of the research. 鈥淣ow, we can reduce 99 per cent of the vicine and convicine, and using sequencing and genomics, we should be able to zero in, to shut it down, 100 per cent.鈥�
The international team also involving researchers from University of Copenhagen and Aarhus University in Denmark, University of Helsinki and Natural Resources Institute Finland in Finland, University of Reading, U.K., and Georg-August-University, Germany, has now identified the key biological pathway that results in vicine and convicine.
While fava beans have been cultivated since the Roman empire, favism has an equally long history, with the Greek philosopher Pythagoras discouraging his followers from consuming the bean as early as the fifth century BCE.
By identifying how the plant produces these compounds, new low vicine and convicine fava beans could be a new, high-value crop for farmers. In addition to being rich with protein, fava beans are exceptionally good at adding nitrogen to the soil.
鈥淭his is like a machine for replacing nitrogen fertilizer,鈥� said Vandenberg. 鈥淚t has huge ecological consequences in the future of agriculture, here and globally.鈥�
By adding fava beans to regular crop rotation, producers could reduce some of their use of nitrogen fertilizer, Vandenberg said.
鈥淪uddenly, everybody in the world is interested in this,鈥� said Vandenberg.
In additional to being eaten as a dry bean, fava beans are also consumed as a fresh vegetable, and are generating interest from the food industry due to growing global demand for efficient, plant-based protein.
This work is the culmination of more than a decade of research and builds on a previous discovery by Dr. Hamid Khazaei (PhD), Vandenberg鈥檚 research associate currently at USask and soon to be at World Vegetable Centre鈥揟aiwan, and co-author of the paper, identifying the specific genetic marker for the noxious compounds.
Vandenberg expects seed supplies of fava beans without vicine and convicine in sufficient quantities for commercial production to be available in 2022.
The research was funded by grants from Innovation Fund Denmark, Academy of Finland, U.K. Biotechnology and Biological Science Research Council, VILLUM Foundation, Danish National Research Foundation, Guangzhou Elite, and the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture.
